Drug and Alcohol Use and Delinquency

Drug and Alcohol Use and Delinquency Engaging in alcohol and other drug use causes not only the juvenile to suffer but as well as their families and their communities causing an increased burden on the juvenile justice system. Due to the potential negative consequences that juvenile drug use poses, considerable effort has been made toward understanding the consequences, prevalence, and causes. Considerable life has been lost to drug abuse and dependence, particularly from the use of alcohol and tobacco. Not only are alcohol, tobacco and other drugs abused, more recently prescription drugs abuse has been on the rise. Prescription drugs account for the second most commonly abused category of drugs, behind marijuana and ahead of cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and other drugs. Drug Use and Delinquency Engaging in alcohol and other drug use causes not only the juvenile to suffer but as well as their families and their communities. An increased burden is also placed on the juvenile justice system because of their strong association between substance abuse and delinquency. Most adult drug users report adolescence as the time when drugs were introduced to them. Due to the potential negative consequences that juvenile drug use poses, considerable effort has been made toward understanding the consequences, prevalence, and causes. Considerable life has been lost to drug abuse and dependence, particularly from the use of alcohol and tobacco. Health-related consequences of teenage substance abuse include accidental injuries, physical disabilities and diseases, and the effects of possible overdoses. The danger of contracting HIV or other sexually transmitted diseases increases for substance-abusing youth if they engage in high-risk behaviors. High-risk behaviors include the use of psychoactive substances, particularly those that are injected, or activities resulting from poor judgment and impulse control while experiencing the effects of mood-altering substances. Even death is possible through suicide, homicide, accidents, and illness for youth involved in al cohol and other drugs (Crowe Dickinson, 1997). Hard drug use is indicated in the deaths of 8,000 Americans each year, while alcohol and tobacco use is implicated in the deaths of 130,000 and 440,000 individuals, respectively (Boyd, 2009). Information drawn from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) indicates that drug-related hospital emergency episodes for youth ages 12-17 increased by 17% in 1994 over the rates for 1993. Data from 2005 found that out of the 50,000 12- to 17-year-olds who sought emergency department treatment for medical problems stemming from drug use, only 9,000 sought medical aid for cocaine use (Boyd, 2009). DAWN is a national survey conducted annually by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration to estimate drug-related emergency department visits for various substances (Crowe Dickinson, 1997). According to Boyd (2009), adolescent drug use negatively impacts cognitive, emotional, and social development and has the potential to stunt memory and learning skills. Adolescent drug use poses a significant risk factor for psychiatric disorders, suicide, accidents, pregnancy, truancy, school dropout, delinquency, and drug abuse and dependence during both adolescence and adulthood. According to the National Survey of Drug Use and Health in 2005, less than 200,000 of the 2.1 million adolescents estimated to need drug treatment actually received it. The rate and popularity of drug use among juveniles are captured and monitored by two major surveys: the Monitoring the Future study, previously called the High School Senior Survey, which collects data of the Nationà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s youth from 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students since 1975, and the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which collects data from juveniles ages 12 to 18. Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use, which are referred to as soft drugs, are the three most commonly used drugs among youth. Says Boyd (2009) in 2004, almost 20% of youth were estimated to have used alcohol within the past month. Rates of drug use differ along demographic lines. Rates and popularity increase as youth steer through adolescence. Alcohol and tobacco are typically introduced before marijuana which usually leads to the introduction of hard drugs at older ages. Over 40 theories of adolescent drug use have been developed. Most theories are developed from risk factors ste mming from peer, family, school, and community fields of influence that may increase youthà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s risk for drug use. Poor school performance; drug norms and attitudes; delinquency; positive drug expectancies; poor relationships with parents; parental conflict; and association with peers, parents, and other adults who use drugs or espouse drug norms and attitudes have been consistently documented as risk factors for youth drug introduction and use. Racial disparity exists of juveniles in the arrest and formal case processing for drug law violations, with the largest disparity observed between Caucasian and African American youth. African American youth have historically been formally processed at significantly higher rates than Caucasian, even though the average juvenile arrested for violating alcohol or illegal drug laws is a Caucasian 16- to 17-year-old male. Data show that Caucasian youth are less likely to have their drug cases petitioned, be detained and incarcerated, and have their drug cases waived to adult court than youth of other races. For example, in 2002, FBI data indicated that 65% of African American juvenile drug cases were petitioned compared to that of 55% of Caucasian juvenile drug cases. During that year, the proportion of African American youth detained for drug offenses was more than twice that of Caucasian youth (33% vs. 16%), and nearly twice that of youth of other races (17%) (Boyd, 2009). Arthur (2007) has reported that children of neglectful parents are more likely to suffer impaired psychological development and are also at a higher risk of drug and alcohol abuse and delinquency. In the Office for National Statistics study in 2000, 47% of children evaluated as having a mental health disorder had a parent who was likely to have a mental health problem, such as anxiety or depression. Many research studies have found evidence of a strong association between juvenile substance abuse and antisocial behavior in young people. The results of a Home Office research study on drug testing of arrestees found that 11% of 16- to 20-year-olds tested positive for opiates and 5% tested positive for cocaine. Approximately 65% of the sample of 103 young offenders on supervision orders had used cannabis, over 20% had used ecstasy, over 10% had used cocaine and approximately 6% had used heroin, according to the Audit Commission Study. A study of 50 young offenders for a range of offenses that were on probation found that almost all reported lifetime experiences of at least one illicit substance, with an extremely large percentage who had used crack cocaine (38%), heroin (24%), or methadone (14%) in the previous month. According to Arthur (2007), a study done by Collinson found that drug use figured centrally and excessively in the lives of 59% of a sample of 80 young male offenders in custody. Collinsonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s sample reported figures of 54% for lifetime occurrence of LSD use, 43% for ecstasy and 20% for heroin and cocaine or crack. The Youth Lifestyles Survey supports the finding that juvenile drug use and juvenile offending are associated. Of the serious and persistent offenders aged 12-17, 38% of males and 20% of females admitted to using drugs in the past 12 months, compared to 7% of males and 4% of females for the rest of the cohort. The Youth Lifestyle Survey also found that 75% of persistent offenders reported lifetime use of drugs. In addition to these findings, the survey suggests that the rates of drugs such as crack cocaine and heroin are significantly higher among young serious and persistent offenders than they are to occasionally users. Drug use was highest among the most frequent offenders and lowest in the less frequent offenders according to the Youth Lifestyles Survey. Over half of the sample of the survey agreed that alcohol or drugs had been associated with their offending and 44% said that they sometimes committed crimes to get money for drugs or alcohol. Research indicated that the risk factors for substance abuse and delinquency overlap substantially. These risk factors include poor parental supervision, a disrupted family background, poor psychological well-being, difficulties in school, school exclusion, truancy, low educational achievement, having been abused, having been in care, parental divorce or separation, or having a family member with a criminal record. It has been suggested that substance abuse and delinquency develop together. Thus, links between juvenile offending and drug use may exist because of the shared background of drug abuse and delinquency, rather than because drug use causes offendin g (Arthur, 2007). According to Crowe and Dickinson (1997), a study conducted in 1998 in Washington, D.C., found that youth who sold and used drugs were more likely to commit crimes than those who only sold drugs or only used drugs. Heavy drug users were more likely to commit property crimes than nonusers, and youth who trafficked in drugs reported higher rates of crimes against others. Youth in this sample were most likely to commit burglary or sell drugs while using drugs or while seeking to obtain drugs (Crowe Dickinson, 1997). Prescription drugs account for the second most commonly abused category of drugs, behind marijuana and ahead of cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and other drugs (Office of Natural Drug Control Policy). Taking prescription drugs that have not been recommended by a doctor can be more dangerous than people think it is and is considered drug abuse. Prescription drugs can sometimes be easier to get than street drugs or are sold on the street along with. A 2009 survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that prescription drug abuse is on the rise, with 20% of teens saying they have taken a prescription drug without a doctorà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s prescription (KidsHealth 2010). Prescription drugs are only safe for the individuals who actually have prescriptions for them. According to the ONDCP, teens are more likely to misuse prescription drugs, believing that these substances are safer than illicit drugs because they are prescribed by a healthcare profes sional. The most commonly used prescription drugs are opiods such as OxyContin, Vicodin, and Demerol; central nervous system depressants such as Nembutal, Valium, and Xanax; and stimulants such as Ritalin and Adderall. During 2006, there were an estimated 741,425 emergency department visits that involved non-medical use of prescription or OTC pharmaceuticals or dietary supplements. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, treatment for prescription painkillers increased more than 400% between 1997 and 2007. Some states have developed prescription monitoring programs, which can help prevent and detect the diversion and abuse of pharmaceutical controlled substances (ONDCP). Preventive factors that can decrease the risk for drug use include attachment to social others; commitment to goals and dreams; and a belief in and respect for laws and authority. The employment of youth drug prevention programs and the enforcement of drug laws are just two major lines of action that are taken to prevent juvenile drug use. Youth drug prevention programs are typically school-based and utilize primary prevention strategies designed to prevent juvenile drug initiation. Drug prevention programs that have been shown to have the most promise for preventing or delaying drug use include those founded on the social influence model (Boyd, 2009).

More Than One Billion Indians: a Gigantic Problem or a Sea of Opportunities

If the 2011 census is to be believed the current population of India is around 1. 21 billion plus or minus a few millions and we all know to which side the scale is going to tip. The Indian population is varied not only on the lines of religion, region but also on the basis of thought process. While on one hand we are facing the problem of land acquisition from the poorest of poor farmers, on the other hand luxury car maker brand Mercedes has shown a sales growth of 67 percent. The huge population of India provides a large service sector which plays a crucial role in developing the economy of a nation. Moreover, 30% of the population is between the ages of 10-24 years which clearly shows the amount of untapped energy that India has. If used and guides correctly this can be used to boost our industrial and structural sectors. The brain drain that India has suffered since last two decades clearly shows that Indians have huge potential and they are just looking for the right niche to develop themselves. Indians have raised themselves from all walks of life and made a mark in fields from astronomy to yoga. On the other hand, the resources that the country has are limited and therefore a burgeoning population restricts the per capita availability. We have seen an increase in the crime rate due to the unavailability of even the most basic amenities. The government has clearly hit the mark by creating employment opportunities for the rural masses through programs such as NREGA, NRLM, etc. But even creating such employment opportunities costs the government a lot of money and resources. The glass can be half empty or half full. We may say we have more than a billion mouths to feed but we forget that we also have more than 2 billion hands to make such a humongous task possible.

The Birth of the American Nation

The American Revolution was not only a battle against the British; it was also a period of transition from a colony to a newly-formed country. Belonging to country that was just liberated from colonial rule, the Americans attempted to apply revolutionary ideology to the building of their nation and the making of their society.They managed to do so by first basing the Declaration of Independence on political freedom, social tolerance and economic opportunity. (http://www. megaessays. com, n. d.) Political freedom played a huge influence on the ideas and ambitions of the revolutionaries and also resulted in social tolerance and economic opportunity. (http://www. megaessays. com, n. d. )Hence, the Declaration of Independence was not a promise or an excuse to wage war with Britain – it was a challenge to the Americans to preserve their sovereignty and develop as a nation. (http://www. megaessays. com, n. d. ) Political freedom for the 13 colonies meant â€Å"breaking away from En gland and being able to develop a sense of identity and a sense of self-government.† (http://megaessays. com, n. d. ) â€Å"Sense of identity and a sense of self-government† referred to a central government that they themselves elected and in whose affairs they have a say. (http://megaessays. com, n. d. ) Indeed, the lack of political representation angered the Americans more than any other atrocity committed against them by the British. (http://megaessays. com, n. d. ) The absence of their opinion in government policy-making allowed the British to enact unjust laws, such as the Sugar Act (1764) and the Stamp Act (1765).The Sugar Act imposed a three-cent tax on imported refined sugar and increased taxes on coffee, indigo and certain types of wine. (http://www. socialstudiesforkids. com, n. d. ) Meanwhile, the Stamp Act required taxation for every printed paper that American colonists used. (http://www. socialstudiesforkids. com, n. d. ) With the 13 colonies free from th e grasp of the British government, the Americans then proceeded to create laws that promoted economic and social liberty. On March 1, 1784, Thomas Jefferson proposed a prohibition on slavery in the entire United States after 1800 (this was narrowly defeated).(http://www. historyplace. com, n. d. ) On May 8, 1785, the US Congress passed the Land Ordinance of 1785, which divided the northwest territories into â€Å"townships set at 6 square miles, subdivided into 36 lots of 640 acres each, with each lot selling for no less than $640. † (http://www. historyplace. com, n. d. ) Thomas Jefferson's Ordinance of Religious Freedom (1786) dictated that â€Å"no man may be forced to attend or support any church or be discriminated against because of his religious preference. † (http://www. historyplace. com, n. d.) The first amendment to the US Constitution was later patterned after this regulation. (http://www. historyplace. com, n. d. ) Despite their nation's independence, the Americans continued using some long-held conventions, laws and customs. For instance, the US Constitution espoused the national government's division into three branches: the legislative, the executive and the judiciary. The legislative branch creates the laws, the executive enforces the laws and the judicial branch interprets the laws. The colonial government has a similar structure. The governor headed the executive branch in each colony.He was â€Å"appointed by the king in the royal colonies, named by the proprietor in the proprietary colonies, and chosen by the voters in the charter colonies. † (www. grazian-archive. com, n. d. ) The governor was assisted by a council (appointed by the same agent that appointed the governor) in administering to the affairs of the colony. The governor (in the royal and proprietary colonies) can also exercise a suspensive (temporary) or full veto upon the colonial legislatures. The legislative branch in the colonial government was a bicame ral unit that was tasked to enact laws.It also had the authority to appoint several administrative officials, starting with the colonial treasurer. (www. grazian-archive. com, n. d) The judicial branch of the colonial government dealt with all cases in the colonies. Colonial judges were either appointed by the king or elected by the people, depending on the type of colony. They were tasked to provide colonists judicial rights that the British people enjoyed at home. (www. grazian-archive. com, n. d) Another long-held convention that the Americans used was the development of individual military institutions for each state.(http://www. americanrevolution. com, n. d. ) This ran parallel to Britain, which had separate military units for the colonies and the mother country. (http://www. americanrevolution. com, n. d. ) A civil war broke out in Britain in 1642, resulting in the abolition of the monarchy and the House of Lords and the relinquishment of power to General Oliver Cromwell and the army. (http://www. americanrevolution. com, n. d. ) Under Cromwell's dictatorship, the size of the military establishment under the British king was limited.This had a negative effect on the colonies, where Cromwell's absolutism fueled distrust of standing armies and the employment of professional soldiers. (http://www. americanrevolution. com, n. d. ) To compensate for the lack of soldiers, the colonies resorted to citizen-soldiers. (http://www. americanrevolution. com, n. d. ) A law passed in 1777 required able young men (except for slaves) to render military service to the colonies. They were trained in the basics of war and law enforcement and were also considered potential recruits for short military offensives in the frontier.Land grants were often provided in exchange for able soldiering, turning the military into an attractive prospect for laborers with no property of their own and their sons. (http://www. americanrevolution. com, n. d. ) But the American Revolution left some problems unresolved, if not created new ones. The Americans remained divided on the topic of slavery (Brinkley150). Slavery was abolished in states where either slavery was minimal or was non-existent at all, such as in New England and Pennsylvania, respectively (Brinkley 150).Even the South experienced pressure to rectify or even abolish the custom. All southern states except South Carolina and Georgia banned further importation of slaves from other countries, while South Carolina also prohibited slave trade during the war (Brinkley 150). Virginia created a law calling for manumission (the freeing of slaves) (Brinkley 150). However, slavery still survived in all southern and border states. The American Revolution also did little to promote the rights of women.Although the war made it easier for women in some states to obtain divorces and allowed women in New Jersey to vote, they still remained inferior and dependent on men (Brinkley 147). They had no access to education and h ad no legal protection from abusive and tyrannical men (Brinkley 146). Married women had no property rights of their own, making it difficult for widows of revolutionaries to regain their dowries from their husbands' estates (Brinkley 147). Aside from the issues of slaver and the emancipation of women, the Americans had to deal with post-war economic depression as well.(http://www. historyplace. com, n. d. ) The hostilities left Americans with a host of economic problems, such as shortage of currency, high taxes, nagging creditors, farm foreclosures and bankruptcies. (http://www. historyplace. com, n. d. ) Increasing poverty at this period led to rebellion and violence. On August 31, 1786, to avoid the trial and imprisonment of debtors, former war captain Daniel Shays led an armed throng and stopped the Northampton Court from observing a hearing (Shays was already an impoverished farmer at the time of the revolt).Shays and his followers later instigated several related uprisings. Th e American Revolution served as a model for later revolutions in Europe and Latin America. It served as the primary influence in the French Revolution (1798-1799), the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) and the South American wars of independence (Venezuela – 1811; Argentina – 1810 and Chile – 1810). But the most important lesson it taught was that while the oppressed can free themselves from a tyrant, they should ensure that they deserve the freedom that they won. Works Cited Brinkley, Alan.A Survey: American History. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2007. â€Å"Essay on Declaration of Independence and American History. † n. d. Megaessays. com. 16 January 2007 . â€Å"Sugar Act. † n. d. Social Studies for Kids. 15 January 2008 . â€Å"A Summary of the 1765 Stamp Act. † n. d. Colonial Williamsburg. 15 January 2008 . â€Å"A New Nation: 1784 to 1790. † n. d. The History Place. 15 January 2008. â€Å"Three Branches of Government. † n . d. Utah Education Network. 15 January 2008 . â€Å"Early American Governments and the Confederation. † n. d. Grazian-Archive. com. 15 January 2008 . â€Å"The US Army and the Founding of the Republic. † n. d. AmericanRevolution. com 16 January 2008 .

Mahatma Gandhi’s Nonviolent Movement Against the British...

A hero is a man or woman that sets an admirable example for people around them. There are heroes in every field, every region and every walk of life that demonstrated these traits and qualities. Countless examples prove the same principle in every case. There are many examples throughout history of heroes who lived their message, made sacrifices and served their people well. The timeless examples of modern history include Mahatma Gandhi’s nonviolent movement against the British occupation of India. Mahatma Gandhi has inspired people all around the world to be better people by peacefully reconciling their differences and looking for common grounds. He practiced love and forgiveness towards his friends and enemies. This is a great example of†¦show more content†¦The first thing that distinguishes heroes from ordinary people is that they have particular morals and they can be defined by these morals. Heroes must be ethical in order to be different from others. Being resp ectful is one of the most valuable ethics that heroes could have. In addition, heroes must be helpful and they must be able to help people at any time. Tollefson states in his article, Is a Hero Really Nothing but a Sandwich? that heroes devote their abilities for others more than they do for themselves (Tollefson, 1993). In other words, heroes dedicate their own high capabilities to people other than themselves. Consequently, heroes can be known by their morals and principles. Secondly, heroism also requires courage; the courage of doing the right thing and the courage to stick to their core purpose. Polster writes in her article, Eves Daughters that In truth, she simply considers the risk of death or injury to be less important than her purpose (Polster, 2001). In other words, heroes believe so firmly in their purpose that they are willing to sacrifice their lives in its pursuit. Thus, this unwavering courage sets the difference between a hero and a follower. Courage means the ability to move forward in the face of risks, uncertainty and possibility of loss. People feel immense respect towards the heroes for their willingness to conquer fear and do the right thing every time. Subsequently, courage is a keyShow MoreRelatedMahatma Gandhi And The Indian Independence Movement1009 Words   |  5 PagesWhen we hear the word ‘India’, the first thing that comes to mind is Mahatma Gandhi. The word ‘Mahatma’ is a literal translation to: great sage, a saint, a person to be considered as a messiah (Gandhi, 2011, P4). Descriptions such as freedom fighter, warrior for justice and activist are just three popular terms that describe Mohandas Gandhi today. But are all these descriptions true? Mahatma Gandhi is revered by mainstream opinion as a Jesus like figure. The media and in particular, Richard AttenboroughRead MoreThe Power of the Pen2028 Words   |  9 Pagesthe pen is mightier than the sword. Throughout history many important leaders have demonstrated that the power of writing is stronger than the tyranny of man. These men were often incarcerated for fighting for what they believed in. Heroes like Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela are a few of many who fought injustice or unfair living conditions and made a difference in the lives of their fellow men by speaking out through their writings. Jimmy Santiago Baca is also a man who hasRead MoreIndian Foreign Policy: Non Alignment in the Midst of the Cold War5579 Words   |  23 Pageswith the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961. Non Alignment stands for the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics. Of these countries that follow the doctrine of non-alignment India is of great importance not only becauseRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmode of escape from oppression and poverty and, in many instances, as an avenue toward advancement for an unprecedented number of people that soared well into the hundreds of millions by century’s end. But for a clear majority of these migrants, movement was coerced by flight from war and oppression or was enticed by labor recruiters who preyed on the desperately poor. The prospects for the great majority were almost invariably lives of drudge labor in urban sweatshops, on tropical plantations

The Theme Of Destructive Love Within Relationships,...

Destructive love The theme of destructive love within relationships in shakespeare’s Macbeth and Bronte’s Wuthering Heights are presented through sexism, jealousy, and betrayal. This three factors are the main causes of broken relationships and arguments between the partners. A good example would be the stories of Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Wuthering Heights. Sexism, jealousy, and betrayal can also lead to death in a destructive love. Love can be defined as an attraction of feelings, states, and attitudes that ranges from interpersonal affection to pleasure. There are differential powers known as power dynamics at play in every type of relationships. In some partnerships there is an equal amount of power and respect divided into it, and†¦show more content†¦(â€Å"Stereotypes are to be found anywhere and nowhere in the world between the people†) - Thomas pg.82 lines 43-45 The most important thing in any relationship is having confidence in yourself. If there s confidence in a relationship and believe in it, then there won t be no need for any games to be played. Men can gain control in a relationship by speaking up and setting clear boundaries. They have always been known to be the braves and courageous in those old time stories that everyone has read about at some point in their lifetime. A good example would be Shakespeare’s Macbeth, macbeth is the main character in the story and he is known to fight for his kingdom and people, but there s only one problem, he doesn t have any control over his marriage. It s normal for the power dynamic to shift in a relationship. Men are also known to â€Å"wear the pants† in the relationship.( â€Å"In social life, socializing should be part of the female and male gender†) -David Galef, Wuthering Heights pg.243 Respect is the most important key in a relationship for it to be successful. Both partners should be respectful to each other, but men should take the lead on it because mostly everyone in the family will look up to them. Women love to be treated with respect and get taken care of by their husbands. Respect is basically the nicer way for men to gain control in their relationship. They should understand, comprehend, trust and respect their partner’s personalShow MoreRelatedThe Weakness of Othello819 Words   |  3 PagesOthello, being sdeen as the hero and Iago as the villain. Iago is a two face person. He manipulates Othello into thinking that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. Throughout Shakespeares entire play, Othello, goes through emotions of love, jealousy and betrayal which changes him in the end of the play. The naive actions and belief lay the downfall of Othello from the man he once was. Othellos weak character is to blame for the tragedy because of his inab ility to distinguish good from evil, lackRead MoreMacbeth And Wuthering Heights1257 Words   |  6 PagesThe theme of destructive love within relationships in older plays are very evident. Things have changed dramatically since the old days, but you can still find examples today that could be related into the themes that are still evident in todays readings of Shakespeare’s plays. Shakespeare s Macbeth and Bronte’s Wuthering Heights are presented through sexism, jealousy and betrayal. Now a days in current relationships women do have some sort of controlling power over men. Relationships have cameRead MoreTheme Of Shakespeare s Macbeth And Bronte Wuthering Heights 1095 Words   |  5 PagesDisastrous Love The theme of destructive love within relationships in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Bronte’s Wuthering Heights are presented through sexism, jealousy, and betrayal. These stories both are portrayed with a theme of destructive love, the tragic love of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, along with Heathcliff and Catherine. When a relationship has become destructive it means there has been some kind of destruction, one or both individuals affection towards each other has become hostile or in someRead MoreAnalysis Of Wuthering Heights 1398 Words   |  6 Pagesdramatic and childish. The betrayal in this book come when Heathcliff feels that Catherine betrayed herself by not pursuing his love. Hindle also showed jealousy towards heathcliff. In the play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, Lady Macbeth is the most famous woman character. She is stronger, more ambitious and ruthless than her husband. Lady Macbeth pushed her husband , Macbeth to betray and kill King Duncan of Scotland. The theme of destructive love within relationships in Shakespeare’s MacbethRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Othello1173 Words   |  5 Pagescharacters: Othello, Othellos wife Desdemona, his lieutenant Cassio and advisor Iago. The play appeared in seven editors between 1622 and 1705. The themes of the story are racism, love, jealousy, and betrayal. Othello is a black soldier who is accused of stealing his wife Desdemona. Although Desdemonas father dislikes his daughters choice, Desdemona loves Othello very much and the two are married. Othello’s right hand man is angered at the fact that Othello picked a man named Cassio to be more importantRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Brave New World And 19841537 Words   |  7 PagesNew World and 1984, the authors display the resemblances and disparities of modern ideals. Both of Huxley and Orwell’s viewpoint of relationships, technology, and brainwashing reveal the underlying theme that a totalitarian state is dangerous; displayi ng them in various ways. For instance, the two share and diverge on the topic of social exchange. The relationships in both novels face similar yet different forms of oppression that has been enforced by the totalitarian governments. In Brave New WorldRead MoreDestructive Love In Brontes Macbeth And Wuthering Heights1395 Words   |  6 PagesLove Is A Strong Word The theme of destructive love within relationships in Shakespeare’s MacBeth and Bronte’s Wuthering Heights are presented through sexism, jealousy and betrayal. Destructive love is an active process of destroying the affection and tenderness between a couple. Both authors represent this kind love well in their respective stories. Lady MacBeth was a mastermind the way she had control in the beginning of Macbeth. She influenced MacBeth to do all his actions. An example of thisRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth And Wuthering Heights 1199 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 4 May 29, 2017 Destructive Love In Macbeth and Wuthering Heights The theme of destructive love within relationships in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Bronte’s Wuthering Heights are presented through sexism, jealousy, and betrayal. How do women gain control in a relationship? Can men regain control in a relationship? What makes a good relationship? What makes a bad relationship? Can people be over ambitious? These questions are vital to understanding the complex relationships in these stories. WomenRead MoreDestructive Love In Shakespeares Macbeth And Wuthering Heights1408 Words   |  6 Pages Destructive Love The theme of destructive love within relationships in Shakespeare s Macbeth and Bronte s Wuthering Heights are presented through sexism, jealousy, and betrayal. In Bronte s Wuthering Heights and Shakespeare s Macbeth there is a lot going on between the couples in both stories. In Macbeth, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are in a terrible situation, starting off with Lady Macbeth pressuring Macbeth to kill Duncan. Macbeth not wanting to kill his king, finally caves in to his wife sRead MoreHamlet s Attempt For Pursue Revenge Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet’s Attempt to Pursue Revenge Theatrical plays are usually created to teach the audience a moral or lesson. In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, there are quite a few lessons. The moral that the play conveys the most is the path of revenge has destructive consequences.Hamlet’s pursues revenge at all cost but the justice he seeks leads to tragedy. Hamlet’s attempt to pursue revenge did not result in justice because it had negative consequences on all the characters involved. To understand the meaning

Henry David Thoreaus Views Of Freedom And Freedom

During the Antebellum Period (1814-1861) in the United States, there were many ideas about freedom and liberty. In the books Voices of Freedom and Liberty of Freedom, the authors explain two main ideas that originated from two groups of people: abolitionists and individualists. These groups impacted and helped shape freedom and liberty. To have a better understanding of the groups and their views on freedom and liberty, we can look at a main leader from each group. For the abolitionist group, we can learn from former-slave Frederick Douglas about what they stand for. Then, for the individualist group we can learn from writer Henry David Thoreau and get an understanding of what they stand for. Even though these two men were a great voice†¦show more content†¦This defined freedom and liberty to him. Henry David Thoreau was an individualist and believed in individual self-reliance. To test this out, he spent three years in isolation living in a cabin at Walden Pond, Concord. Du ring this time, he wrote a book called Walden, which is about his time spent in isolation. After his isolation, he spoke to others about what freedom really is. To him freedom was â€Å"absolute freedom which is found by rejecting market society and retreating into the wilderness†. Doing this, he said, â€Å"†¦is the only way to preserve both individual independence and the natural environment†, as stated in Liberty of Freedom. Later on in his life, he was incarcerated in 1846 for refusing to pay taxes. After he was released from prison, he said, â€Å"†¦under a government that imprisons unjustly, the true place of a just man is also prison.† Thoreau even made a speech called â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government†. He truly believed that the government was the one making freedom and liberty hard to reach. There is a big difference between the two ideas of freedom and liberty. First of all, Douglas’ idea of freedom is from he viewpoint of s omeone who was a slave. So his perspective of freedom is that they should abolish slavery and give black men and women the same rights as white men and women. Since Thoreau didn’tShow MoreRelatedEssay The Incredible Henry David Thoreau1081 Words   |  5 PagesThe value of freedom had yet to be accepted nor granted peacefully. The Revolution released America from the grasp of Britain and it would take yet another war to release the black man from the shackles of slavery. America was still in its infancy; the West was not yet settled, the South was still a confederacy and unity was just a dream. The country was torn by slavery. And some men began to question the integrity of their government. Henry David Thoreau was one such man. Henry Thoreau wasRead MoreThe Effect Of Transcendentalism : Henry David Thoreau1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Transcendentalism: Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalism is the American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century that was rooted in the pure Romanticism of the English and the German (Goodman). Ralph Waldo Emerson is considered the father of Transcendentalism because his literature is the first to praise the notable spirituality of nature. The basic belief of the movement is to live authentically; being true to oneself (Day). The movement itselfRead MoreFrederick Douglass and Henry David Thoreau1517 Words   |  7 PagesFrederick Douglass was an American slave.nbsp; Henry David Thoreau was a writer from the 17thnbsp; century.nbsp; The narrative read about Frederick Douglass was about his life as a slave, and how it changed as time went on, including his eventual release from enslavement.nbsp; The article about Henry Thoreau was in regards to the theory of Civil Disobedience, and his role in the creation of that theory. nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Frederick Douglass lived from 1817 untilRead MoreTranscendentalism And Ralph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau807 Words   |  4 Pagesbe achieved through personal journey instead of conflicting with organized religion. By the time of the movement’s onset, newly gained religious freedom in the United States allowed for new ideas and beliefs to prosper freely. At the heart of this movement was Transcendentalism philosophy famous ambassadors, Ralph Waldo Emerson and apprentice Henry David Thoreau. These men believed nature is what forces us not to depend on other ideas but to develop our own. Born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 25Read MoreHenry David Thoreau And Ralph Waldo Emerson1604 Words   |  7 PagesAn Exploration of the Fine Authors of English 231 â€Å"Some of the best advice about modern life comes from and unemployed writer who lived alone in the woods and refused to pay his taxes.† (The School of Life, par. 1) Henry David Thoreau reminds us about the importance of simplicity, authenticity, and downright disobedience. Born July 12, 1817, just west of Boston in Concord, Massachusetts, his father operated a pencil factory and his mother rented rooms out to boarders. Thoreau graduated in 1837 fromRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. And Henry David Thoreau1311 Words   |  6 Pagescitizens expect the authority to work â€Å"for the good of the people† and â€Å"follow in everything the general will†, however, it was not always the case, according to influential American authors and civil rights activists Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry David Thoreau. Although both of their works were written over a century apart, one cannot deny the fact that both of them successfully and nonviolently converted their ideo logy into action using different methods of civil disobedience. Their goal wasRead MoreHenry David Thoreau Resistance To Civil Disobedience Analysis1508 Words   |  7 Pagesresidence. Resistance to civil government by Henry David Thoreau is an essay written about his opinion on opposing the government that was taking control of people’s rights, motivating his disagreement of slavery and the Mexican-American war. Mahatma Gandhi, a leader who fought for the Indians independent movement against British. Lastly but not least, Martin Luther King Jr., the leader of the civil rights movement. Within the tree leaders, Henry David Thoreau, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther KingRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience945 Words   |  4 PagesThoreau’s Civil Disobedience expresses the need to prioritize thoughts and views over the dictates of laws. It attacks the American social policies and government as a slavery and Mexican – American War. Henry David Thoreau’s consistently argued that government rarely proves they’re for the people and obtains its power from the majority because organization, however criticizes the legitimacy of governments viewpoints. Thoreau thoughts were people’s first option is to do what they believe is rightRead MoreEssay about Henry David Thoreaus Enlightenment and Ideas 1355 Words   |  6 Pages Civil Disobedience is one of Henry David Thoreaus most famous essays. One of the major problems most critics see with this essay deals with Thoreaus seemingly contradictory statements about society from the beginning to the end. Barry Wood, a well-known critical writer, attributes this change in beliefs to the enlightenment of Thoreau in jail. While I agree with Wood that Thoreau does achieve a form of enlightenment, I will show that Thoreaus views regarding the society he lived in neverRead MoreTranscendentalism: Henry David Thoreau Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesHenry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau grew up in poverty; his dad was unsuccessful and had trouble maintaining a steady job. Thoreau followed in his father’s footsteps, ultimately bouncing from job to job, scorned by society for his unconvent ional way of living and lack of income (Henry David Thoreau, Discovering Biography). Thoreau began to write with the guidance of Ralph Waldo Emerson who became one of the most important influences in his life. Living

HR Challenges in a Gig Economy-Free-Samples Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the HR Challenges in a Gig Economy. Answer: Introduction Gig Economy is defined as the consistently developing number of individuals who utilize one of the (still moderately) new ability stages or online administration handling like Uber, Airing, up work, Task Rabbit. For others, it incorporates these individuals, yet in addition any individual who works in an unforeseen, brief, enhanced or independent limit. As it is any individual who isn't a full-time or low maintenance worker(Schiemann and Ulrich,2017). The absence of clearness about what it really contains leads, as anyone might expect how huge it really is that is, the thing that level of the workforce it includes. The individuals acquiring salary by means of online stages, at this point is unquestionably expanding(Horney,2016). This current examination from JPMorgan Chase, found that 1% of all US labourers are engaged with at least one of these online stages, which compares to the quantity of individuals working in the US public school system. From research, it is unquestionably evident that a lot of individuals are exploiting the new stages that make it less demanding to supplement their current pay. Yet, is that all it is, or is there truly an expansion in the quantity of individuals picking non-conventional work choices generally speaking? The overwhelming conviction is that there most certainly will be an expansion in the coming years. An examination by the Specialists' Union and up work found that 32% of recent college grads trust they'll be working basically adaptable hours in future(Brown,2009). Another research by PWC found that 46% of HR experts expect that no less than 20% of their workforce will be comprised of contractual workers and impermanent labourers by 2022(Dunning,2017). Gig Economy in terms of Australian Culture The most recent research demonstrates that doing gig work, utilizing and picking a progression of activities for various organizations, is fulfilling. One can pick their business status, the hours they work and their customers. Nonetheless, the work isn't as much enjoyable to the individuals who have been pushed into this sort of work by condition. In Australia, the gig economy, portrayed by short term business contracts. It is developing at excellent speed, sharing one- fifth of Australia's work constrain. The individuals picking for the gig work are not there in light of the fact that they cant give their all day position. In an overview of 1,007 Australian gig and contract specialists reviewed, work-life adjust was the greatest driver with 87% viewing it as amazingly or critical to them. The individuals who have control over their work-life balance have a 90% fulfilment rate, while those without control over this have a 26% fulfilment rate. The Gig economy has a connection with wo rk fulfilment. The individuals who have control over it have an 85% fulfilment rate contrasted with 39% for the individuals who don't get the chance to pick who they work with. Most interestingly, the youth is driving towards the gig economy. In any case, this examination demonstrates that the baby boomers and Generation X are well on the way to pick the adaptability offered by the gig-economy," says social analyst Check McCrindle, the head of McCrindle. It enables them to pick their hours, as well as they can pick the work times that will best suit, yet additionally increment or lessening their workload relying upon their money related requirements(Graham, Hjorth and Lehdonvirta,2017)." Australians who work calmly have their optimal hours every week at 22.9 hours, or around three day and seven days. Company background Up work, was formerly known as Elance-oDesk, is a global freelancing platform providing with businesses and independent professionals connect and collaborate remotely. The brand is based in Mountain View and San Francisco, California. They have twelve million registered freelancers and five million registered clients. Around Three million jobs worth a total of $1 billion USD are posted annually. This is making Upwork as the world's largest freelancer marketplace. The work is available on the online basis. Freelancers can register themselves and can take work accordingly. Upwork is providing with the specialist work with a focus over providing independent work to an individual as per his/her competencies(Lowe,2017). Gig economy and HR issues There is a likewise contradiction on the effect expanded 'non-conventional' labourers will have on HR. Be that as it may, when joined with variables, for example, expanded working environment adaptability, a worldwide, dispersed workforce, progresses in mechanical autonomy and psychological advances . All this will add to the 'future working environment' to a great amount which will turns out to be a piece of a scope of elements HR needs to represent when arranging future techniques(Collier, Dubal and Carter,2017). As indicated by Deloitte, 71% of officials trust their organizations are either 'fairly' or 'extremely' ready to oversee unforeseen specialists, with the primary difficulties being: Legitimate or administrative vulnerability (20%) Culture is unwelcoming (18%) Absence of comprehension among pioneers (18%). A similar report noticed that main problems could emerge when unforeseen labourers are enrolled through acquisition and not HR, suggesting that HR assume responsibility of the procedure and line up with corporate tech, acquirement and business technique. Anna A Travis trusts that "there is a particular motivation for HR to reconsider its own capacity, including the likelihood that most HR specialists will turn into the contractual workers themselves rolling in from the ability stage(Brown, 2017). HR experts must grasp the new economy and advance up to the administration challenge as specialists, planners, engineers and the orchestrators of the "limit less worldwide working environment." Furthermore, as indicated by PWC, HR will go up against a more extensive individuals dispatch and turn into the driver of corporate social duty(Herman,2004). HR issue: Execution A 2014 CIPD report found that the essential worry about non-lasting staff was around the nature of their work. Of the 633 UK HR pioneers overviewed about how they treated their easygoing labourers: Just half gave any sort of knowledge Just 1/3 led execution evaluations Just half included them in association wide correspondence or considered them for acknowledgment or honours. These discoveries are strengthened by John More youthful and Norm Smallwood who recommend 6 stages to enable HR to close the execution arrangement hole with 'light-footed ability': Incorporate them in basic gatherings and discourses Ensure characterize measures of accomplishment, including social fit and other 'delicate' variables Urge to convey concerns ahead of schedule, with customary surveys (Yaraghi and Ravi, 2017) Exhibit two-way input Ensure directors are carrying out and progression situated Recognize brilliance: active specialists depend on customer fulfilment for their vocation achievement. In the gig economy, association's initiative, culture from one of charge and-control to one of joint effort, coaching and organization plays an important role. HR issue: Engagement Its settled that workers will have a larger amount of prosperity and perform better when they sense that their work association thinks about them and qualities what they want. HR needs methodologies set up to ensure that freelancers are on-boarded and invited, demonstrated thankfulness and turned out to be more drawn in with their work. Full-time and independent specialists were more drawn in, fulfilled and imaginative than customary representatives. They were likewise less dedicated, notwithstanding when in a long haul contract. They were more averse to work with others, share data openly, achieve choices by agreement and resolve strife(Dery and Sebastian,2017). It may at first appear to be peculiar to survey specialists for values fit or behavioural style. It is similar to an individual one contract to finish work. It is evident to know the individual offers and the correct style to team up well with the general population. In order to understand the intellectual capacity gives you certainty that they'll get new data rapidly and take care of issues successfully(Abraham, et al 2016). In case working with an ever increasing number of individuals later on with a considerably shorter 'enlistment' process, it turns into all the more imperative to ensure that procedure is vigorous and will provide with value ability. Despite the fact that this issue hasn't, as far as anyone is concerned, emerged particularly inside the 'gig economy' discourses(Friedman 2014). While understanding the gig economy, there are certain misconceptions regarding the freelancing work that is integrating talent strategy.HR will have to overcome while taking care of the workforce of freelancers, contractors, consultants and interims. The HR has to manage the queries submitted by freelance workforce that will focus on different types of challenge: visibility challenges and management challenges(De Stefano,2015). The visibility challenges These are the challenges that immediate and obvious to an organization while managing the freelance element of a workforce. The organization has to meet the challenges that are not complete visible while engaging workforce, The Visibility challenges, occurs as a result of it being possible for any part of the business to engage a freelancer directly. This creates a direct relationship with the HR manager and the line manager with the freelancer(Prpi?,2016). Cost control One of the major challenges while managing a gig economy arises with the management of cost control. The unobserved freelance worker is cost control. The amount charged by the Freelancer can be checked through the payroll cost and charged to the department credit cards With no visibility of your true freelance cost, one cannot apply effective HR practices, like standardizing day rates, or developing an effective HR Practices. There must be an effective understanding in between the department to seek suggestions whether there is an opportunity to reduce costs by creating a full-time, permanent role. Compliance Another issue faced by the organization is that it is important to manage the compliance functions. It is important to develop an effective legislation in order to gain effective knowledge. This works as an important factor to determine freelancing activity and its intention to work. The visibility challenge and compliance offer with a risk of having freelancers or contractors on long, rolling contracts basis without HR checks and balances. This is done to alleviate any regulatory risk to the business(Beetham,2016). Security The HR teams play an important role in maintaining an organizations security. This is to Access information, at the same time as managing something else. This is done during the HR on boarding process. In case if the freelancer or gig worker evade the usual HR processes, there is a possibility that security protocols can be bypassed. For example: Circulation of the department email lists. It is used to issue sensitive internal information(Carnahan, 2016). Those Freelancers hired unswervingly may be added to the email distributions list without visibility from HR. This can create security risk within the organization. This put a pressure over the organizational security hence affecting growth. There can be potential harm to the intellectual property. There may be certain instances where the HR teams strictly put into effect contracts to make certain all permanent employees defer ownership. This is crucial for the organization while dealing with the issues. Standardization is an important aspect in an organization while maintaining effective growth. Intellectual rights and security plays an important role while creating a balance in between the organization and its effectiveness. Recommendations Overcoming visibility challenges It is evident to overcome the visibility challenge in order to manage the task effectively. There are two steps to manage the visibility challenges: consolidation and reporting. It is evident from the risk associated with the HR issues that is related with consolidation. It is important for managing all the freelance and contractor engagement data that goes through HR while capturing all the management information required. Further, it is important to report. By using an effective freelance management system, it is evident to create a reports and dashboards to gain resourcing decisions. The management challenges Apart from the visible challenges there are certain management challenges that need to be taken care while gaining accuracy.The workforce creates management challenges for HR teams to overcome. This will help the gig economy in managing the issues in an effective way. Integration By engaging a freelancer, the HR department creates an integration challenge if the permanent employees they work together with a set location and time slot. It is challenging for both the management team and the HR to integrate the efforts of both. The short-term solution includes location and available hours in the freelancing work. Yet, it may be prudent to look into the remote and flexible working practices. This is an important function for coordinating the efforts of the freelancer or permanent employees. Progression and development Moreover it is required by the HR teams to manage the LD function. This will ensure the organizations people are ready to grow with the time. This will eventually help in managing the organizational functions. An increase in the freelance percentage of an organizations workforce, the challenge for HR to maintain the level of progression arises. The freelancers are self-employed and mandated to attend training courses. The solution for the effective training program is the Contingent Value Proposition. It is the key to attracting the right kind of freelancer. This process is important In addition to communicating with the freelancer. This help in contributing better results in gaining long-term results. The HR's role is regarding ensuring business continuity with a freelance workforce while reviewing and refining the freelance network. This is important while engaging adequate number of vetted freelancers business critical operations. Availability One of the final management challenges is regarding the availability. The Freelancers with in-demand skills typically work with different clients while managing the opportunities presented every day by freelance marketplaces. The business functions and the HR team have to coordinate with the right people at the right time in the organization. The workforce are self-employed freelancers do not have any sort of obligation. It has become difficult to ensure availability of skilled people and the business needs. This is important while managing the availability of the employees in the gig economy. The challenges need to be addressed effectively while considering all the factors aligned in the organization. Conclusion To conclude, with growing opportunities in the field of freelancing and contractual work, gig economy is the new concept. HR needs methodologies set up to ensure that freelancers are on-boarded and invited, demonstrated thankfulness and turned out to be more drawn in with their work. Full-time and independent specialists were more drawn in, fulfilled and imaginative than customary representatives. There is a need to manage the gaps in between the organizational needs and the economy to gain maximum result. The challenges need to be managed while keeping a pace in between the organizational needs. This will eventually help in gaining competencies in order to assure desired results. References Abraham, K., Haltiwanger, J.C., Sandusky, K. and Spletzer, J.R., 2016, May. Measuring the gigeconomy. InSociety of Labor Economists Annual Meetings, May. Beetham, H., 2016. Employability and the digital future of work. InProceedings of the 10th International Conference on Networked Learning. Brown, D., 2017. Issue: The Gig Economy The Gig Economy. Brown, T., 2009. The gig economy.The Daily Beast. Carnahan, S., 2016. Can You Gig it? An Empirical Examination of the Gig-Economy and Entrepreneurial Activity. Collier, R.B., Dubal, V.B. and Carter, C., 2017. Labor Platforms and Gig Work: The Failure to Regulate. De Stefano, V., 2015. The rise of the'just-in-time workforce': On-demand work, crowd work and labour protection in the'gig-economy'. Dery, K. and Sebastian, I.M., 2017. Managing Talent for Digital. Dunning, J.2017. Gig economy: the challenges of managing a freelance workforce. Online. Available at: https://www.hrzone.com/lead/future/gig-economy-the-challenges-of-managing-a-freelance-workforce Accessed on: 27 October 2017 Friedman, G., 2014. Workers without employers: shadow corporations and the rise of the gig economy.Review of Keynesian Economics,2(2), pp.171-188. Graham, M., Hjorth, I. and Lehdonvirta, V., 2017. Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods.Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research,23(2), pp.135-162. Herman, R.E., 2004. Strategic planning for the impending labor shortage.Employment Relations Today,31(1), pp.19-24. Horney, N., 2016. The gig economy: A disruptor requiring HR agility.People and Strategy,39(3), p.20. Lowe, M., 2017. Ubers Gambit: Reassessing the Regulatory Realities of the Gig Economy. Prpi?, J., 2016. Next Generation Crowdsourcing for Collective Intelligence.Browser Download This Paper. Schiemann, W.A. and Ulrich, D., 2017. Rise of HRNew mandates for IO.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,10(1), pp.3-25. Yaraghi, N. and Ravi, S., 2017.